Surgical management patterns for spontaneous pneumothorax in adolescents and young adults.

Background: Management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax varies widely. We aimed to assess national trends in PSP management in the last decade.

Methods: We conducted a 10-year retrospective analysis of the MarketScan claims database to identify adolescents and young adults (aged 10-24 years) diagnosed with primary spontaneous pneumothorax (2012-2021).

and Antifungal Efficacy and Safety of the Def2.1 Peptide against the Neglected and Drug-Resistant Pathogen.

The growing threat of fungal infections, driven by increasing drug resistance, has become a major global health concern. Candidiasis, a common human infection, is associated with high mortality, particularly in invasive cases. Among non- (NAC) species, (renamed ) is of clinical importance because of its intrinsic resistance to fluconazole, complicating treatment options.

Microvascular Consequences of Methemoglobin Compared to Reduced Hemoglobin in the Microcirculation.

Objectives: The development of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) offers a promising alternative to traditional blood transfusions, addressing critical limitations such as the need for cold storage, blood type matching, and a short ex vivo shelf life. HBOCs mimic the oxygen-carrying function of red blood cells without the risk of transfusion-related complications. However, hemoglobin is prone to oxidation when freely circulating in the vasculature, resulting in methemoglobin formation.

Sex-specific glomerular filtration rate changes in response to acute hemoglobin exposure.

Hemoglobin (Hb) toxicity is a known contributor to acute kidney injury (AKI), particularly under hemolytic conditions where cell-free Hb is present in circulation. When the endogenous Hb scavenger protein haptoglobin becomes saturated with cognate ligand Hb, excess unbound cell-free Hb extravasates into tissues, including the kidneys, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired renal function. Although sex-based differences in AKI susceptibility have been observed, the protective role of hormones in modulating the severity of Hb-induced kidney injury remains unclear.