Microbial Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans on Additively Manufactured and Milled Zirconia.

Statement Of Problem: The increasing use of zirconia in dental restorations has highlighted the importance of minimizing microbial adhesion, particularly of Streptococcus mutans, which is associated with dental plaque formation and secondary caries. While traditional milled zirconia is widely used, the emergence of additively manufactured zirconia (AMZ) offers new possibilities in design flexibility, including the incorporation of controlled porosity.

Purpose: This study aims to compare the microbial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans on additively manufactured zirconia (AMZ) and milled zirconia (MZ) discs.

Lithium deficiency and the onset of Alzheimer's disease.

The earliest molecular changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are poorly understood. Here we show that endogenous lithium (Li) is dynamically regulated in the brain and contributes to cognitive preservation during ageing. Of the metals we analysed, Li was the only one that was significantly reduced in the brain in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a precursor to AD.

Cryoconcentration modeling and experimental measurements for freezing and thawing of a biologic bulk drug substance.

The freezing and thawing process is a key determinant of the cryoconcentration distribution in pharmaceutical and biological bulk drug substances (BDS), which has a direct and inevitable impact on protein stability. Due to the critical influence of cryoconcentration - either stabilizing or destabilizing the protein depending on its distribution - understanding the specific mechanisms and changes occurring during freezing and thawing is essential for ensuring the stability of the BDS and, by extension, the drug product (DP). This work presents computational modeling of protein cryoconcentration induced by freezing and thawing in a two-liter plastic container.