Exact calculation of the expected SFS in structured populations.

The Site Frequency Spectrum (SFS), summary statistic of the distribution of derived allele frequencies in a sample of DNA sequences, provides information about genetic variation and can be used to make population inferences. The exact calculation of the expected SFS in a panmictic population under the infinite-site model of mutation has been known in the Markovian coalescent theory for decades, but its generalization to the structured coalescent is hampered by the almost exponential growth of the states space. We show here how to obtain this expected SFS as the solution of a linear system.

Chronic intermittent hypoxia disrupts protective microgliosis in ischemic proliferative retinopathy.

Sleep apnea that leads to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is an independent risk factor for advanced, debilitating ischemic proliferative retinopathies, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we investigated the consequences of CIH on the ischemic retina of the oxygen-induced retinopathy model.

Cyclin switch tailors a cell cycle variant to orchestrate multiciliogenesis.

Meiosis, endoreplication, and asynthetic fissions are variations of the canonical cell cycle where either replication or mitotic divisions are muted. Here, we identify a cell cycle variantconserved across organs and mammals, where both replication and mitosis are muted, and that orchestrates the differentiation of post-mitotic progenitors into multiciliated cells (MCCs). MCC progenitors reactivate most of the cell cycle transcriptional program but replace the temporal expression of cyclins E2 and A2 with non-canonical cyclins O and A1.

Retinal atrophy, inflammation, phagocytic and metabolic disruptions develop in the MerTK-cleavage-resistant mouse model.

In the eye, cells from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) facing the neurosensory retina exert several functions that are all crucial for long-term survival of photoreceptors (PRs) and vision. Among those, RPE cells phagocytose under a circadian rhythm photoreceptor outer segment (POS) tips that are constantly subjected to light rays and oxidative attacks. The MerTK tyrosine kinase receptor is a key element of this phagocytic machinery required for POS internalization.