Can adults automatically process and translate between numerical representations?

Arithmetic and the ability to use numbers are important skills. Numbers can be represented in three ways: through number words, Arabic symbols or non-symbolically. Much research attention has focused on how associations form between these three numerical representations.

Synovial joint organ homeostasis: mechanisms and biological considerations.

Synovial joints are complex multi-tissue organs that permit movement. A well-functioning synovial joint relies on complex interconnected homeostatic mechanisms to maintain joint organ function in response to biomechanical and metabolic demands. These homeostatic mechanisms include, but are not limited to, appropriate mechanobiological responses to load, nutrient delivery from its vasculature, lubrication, proprioception and pain, immunosurveillance, and maintenance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition.

Mature and inactive microvessels are prominent in areolar synovium of femoroacetabular impingement and hip osteoarthritis patients.

Objective: To provide insight into the earliest changes in hip osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. Histopathology of synovium was investigated in patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), FAI with early hip osteoarthritis, and advanced hip osteoarthritis.

Methods: Synovium biopsies were collected from ten FAI, fourteen FAI with early osteoarthritis, and twelve advanced osteoarthritis patients.

From mechanism to medicine: The progress and potential of epigenetics in osteoarthritis.

Objective: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, degenerative disease of the articular joints. The disease presents an enormous clinical and economic burden globally, due in part to the lack of disease modifying therapies. For over a decade, OA researchers have been working to determine epigenetic mechanisms underlying the disease to better understand pathology, identify biomarkers of progression, and pinpoint novel targets for therapeutic intervention.